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Cervical cancer is a serious but largely preventable disease that begins in the cells of the cervix—the lower, narrow part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It develops when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably, often progressing slowly over many years. With early detection and proper care, cervical cancer is one of the most treatable forms of cancer.
How Cervical Cancer Develops
Most cervical cancers start with precancerous changes known as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). These changes don’t happen suddenly; they evolve gradually:
Healthy cervical cells become abnormal.
Abnormal cells may progress to precancer.
If left untreated, precancerous cells can develop into cancer.
This slow progression is why regular screening is so effective—problems can be found and treated before they become life‑threatening.
The Role of HPV
The majority of cervical cancer cases are caused by persistent infection with high‑risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is extremely common and spreads through intimate skin‑to‑skin contact. Most infections clear naturally, but some linger and cause cell changes that may lead to cancer.
Key facts about HPV:
It affects people of all genders.
Most sexually active people will get HPV at some point.
Only certain high‑risk strains are linked to cervical cancer.
Vaccination dramatically reduces the risk of infection.
Symptoms to Be Aware Of
Cervical cancer often has no symptoms in its early stages, which is why screening is essential. When symptoms do appear, they may include:
Unusual vaginal bleeding (after sex, between periods, or after menopause)
Persistent pelvic pain
Pain during intercourse
Unusual vaginal discharge
These symptoms can be caused by many conditions, but they should always be checked by a healthcare professional.
Screening and Early Detection
Cervical screening (often called a Pap smear or HPV test) is one of the most powerful tools in preventing cervical cancer. Screening detects abnormal cells before they become cancerous, allowing for early treatment.
Regular screening is recommended for anyone with a cervix within the eligible age range in their country’s health system.
Prevention
Cervical cancer is one of the few cancers that can be prevented through a combination of:
HPV vaccination
Routine screening
Safe sexual practices
Avoiding smoking, which increases risk
Together, these measures significantly reduce the likelihood of developing cervical cancer.
Treatment
When detected early, cervical cancer is highly treatable. Treatment options may include:
Removal of abnormal cells
Surgery
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Targeted or combination therapies
The choice of treatment depends on the stage of the cancer and the individual’s health and preferences.
Why Awareness Matters
Cervical cancer remains a major global health challenge, especially in communities with limited access to screening and vaccination. Increasing awareness, improving access to care, and empowering individuals with knowledge can save countless lives.
